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Basic signals
Basic signals: In the analysis of communication system, standard test signals play very important role. Such signals are used to check the performance of the system. Applying such signals at the...
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Delta or unit impulse function
Delta or unit impulse function: A discrete time unit impulse function is denoted by δ(n). Its amplitude is 1 at n=0 and for all other values of n; its amplitude is zero. δ(n)= 1 for n=0 δ(n)=0 for n≠0...
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Unit step signal
Unit step signal: A discrete time unit step signal is denoted by u(n). its value is unity (1) for all positive values of n. that means its value is one for n ≥ 0. While for other values of n, its value...
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Unit ramp signal
Unit ramp signal: A discrete time unit ramp signal is denoted by ur(n). its value increases linearly with sample number n. mathematically it is defined as, Ur(n)= n for n ≥ 0 Ur(n) = 0 for n < 0...
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Exponential signal
Exponential signal: A discrete time exponential signal is expressed as, Here ‘a’ is some real constant. If ‘a’ is the complex number then x(n) is written as, Here Ѳ denotes the phase. Now depending...
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Sinusoidal waveform
Sinusoidal waveform: Discrete time sinusoidal wave: A discrete time sinusoidal waveform is denoted by, x(n) = A sin (wn) Here a = amplitude and w = angular frequency = 2πf This waveform is as shown in...
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Basic operations on continuous time signal
Basic operations on continuous time signal In this section we will study some basic operations on continuous time signal: A) Operation performed on dependent variables: These operations include...
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CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSDUCERS
CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSDUCERS Classification based on the transduction principle: a. Resistive transducers (Change in resistance), b. Capacitive transducers (Change in capacitance), c. Inductive...
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Selection criteria for transducers
Selection criteria for transducers: Selection of the transuder among the many available mainly depends upon: Input characteristics Transfer characteristics Output characteristics The following points...
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Induction wattmeter
Induction wattmeter: Induction wattmeter can be used in A.C. circuits only (in contrast with, dynamometer wattmeter can be used both in D.C. and A.C. circuits) and are useful only when the frequency...
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Wattmeter connections
Wattmeter connections: Above figure shows the wattmeter connected in a single-phase A.C. circuit. The current coil of the instrument carries the load current, while the pressure or voltage coil carries...
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Capacitive sensor using a pencil drawing for Arduino
Capacitive sensor using a pencil drawing: Hi friends, today I am going to make a capacitive sensor using a pencil drawing for Arduino. Yes, it is possible! Let me explain more. As you know a pencil has...
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Programming a microcontroller using Keil software
Programming a microcontroller using Keil software: Hello friends, today I am going to tell you how to create a microcontroller program file (.HEX format) and how to feed that program file in our...
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Instrumentation amplifier using Transducer Bridge
Instrumentation amplifier using Transducer Bridge: Following figure shows a simplified instrumentation amplifier using a transducer bridge. A resistive transducer whose resistance changes as a function...
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Applications of Instrumentation Amplifier
Applications of Instrumentation Amplifier: Instrumentation Amplifier: Temperature indicator The circuit of the instrumentation amplifier can be used as a temperature indicator if the transducer in the...
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Gauss elimination method
Gauss elimination method : Introduction: Many times we are required to find out solution of linear equations. We also know that, we can find out roots of linear equations if we have sufficient number...
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Jacobi’s iteration method
Iterative methods for solving linear equations: The preceding methods of solving simultaneous linear equations are known as direct methods as they yield exact solution. On the other hand an iterative...
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Gauss Jordan Method
Gauss Jordan Method: INTRODUCTION: In the last article about solving the roots of given linear equations, we have discussed Gauss Elimination method. In that method we just go on eliminating one...
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CRO and its Function
CRO and its Function: Block Diagram of CRO: Cathode ray tube (CRT): CRT Produces a sharply focused beam of electrons, accelerated to a very high velocity. This electron beam travels from electron gun...
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Causal and Noncausal System (Causality Property)
Causal and Noncausal System: A) Causal systems: Definition: A system is said to be causal system if its output depends on present and past inputs only and not on future inputs. Examples: The...
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